Breast Cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bosom Cancer - Research Paper Example Different regions of the bosom can likewise be influenced, be that as it may, this is uncommon. Treatment will likewise shift considering the kind of bosom malignant growth and the stage it is in. One can see whether they are a casualty to this sickness by getting an assessment by a doctor, a biopsy, a mammography or a ultrasound test. Paces of bosom malignant growth have ascended throughout the years, anyway there are numerous ladies who likewise battle this infection and get by in America. Men can likewise experience the ill effects of this malady. (society, 2000) Causes of bosom malignant growth The specific factor that causes bosom disease is yet to be pinpointed. Certain variables increment the likelihood of the cancer’s event. Some can be controlled and altered so as to dodge the beginning of the malady; though different variables can't be controlled. There are some principle reasons with respect to why it happens; Family tree: having relatives, particularly firmly relat ed ladies in the family, for example, an auntie, a sister and so forth who have bosom malignancy incredibly expands the odds of creating bosom disease. Age: as an individual becomes more established, the odds of bosom malignant growth likewise increment. Life history: having malignant growth in one bosom improves the probability of having disease in the other bosom later on, or other various sorts of tumors in a similar bosom. Menstrual cycle: ladies with a cycle that began before twelve or finished before fifty five are increasingly defenseless to this illness. Race: dark ladies will in general can possibly maintain a strategic distance from the tumor than white ladies Breast tissue: ladies with a denser bosom tissue when contrasted with others have a higher likelihood of creating bosom malignancy. Conceiving an offspring: having no youngsters or having kids at an extremely late age can likewise expand the likelihood of bosom malignant growth event. Studies show that a breastfeedin g mother for a couple of years has a lesser likelihood of creating bosom malignant growth. Weight: stout individuals have a more noteworthy likelihood of experiencing bosom malignancy than ladies who have a normal body weight. Utilization of contraceptives: The utilization of oral contraceptives for around ten years or so builds the likelihood of bosom malignant growth event. Exercise: Exercise has been appeared to bring down the likelihood of bosom disease. Liquor utilization: The pace of utilization of liquor and the likelihood of creating bosom disease are straightforwardly corresponding These are the hazard factors that are related in the improvement of malignant growth of the bosom in ladies. Viewpoints, for example, age can't be controlled, as one can't quit maturing, anyway different factors, for example, exercise, weight and liquor utilization and so on can be controlled. (Majure, 2000) Signs, indications and conclusion One of the most widely recognized side effects of bosom malignancy is a mass or bump in the bosom. Different side effects incorporate dimpling or expanding of the bosom, areola or bosom agony, or release from the bosom or redness. A medicinal services supplier can affirm whether these signs or side effects point towards bosom malignancy. Mammograms are generally used to distinguish bosom diseases. Furthermore, ladies ought to in any event at forty years old get ordinary screen shots so as to forestall the sickness or catch it at its prior stages. A clinical bosom test, CBE, ought to likewise be directed in ladies in their twenties or thirties so as to know about the progressions that the bosoms are experiencing just as the beginning stage of the infection or plausibility of the sickness. A self-test of the bosom should likewise be possible called a bosom self-test (BSE) by ladies particularly those in their initial

Don’t Worry, Be Happy Essay

â€Å"It will before long pass whatever it is. Don’t stress, be glad. † These are the epic expressions of Bobby McFerrin from the melody: Don’t stress, be cheerful. In today’s way of life our general public flourishes off of each other’s pessimism. We are in a consistent winding of mankind because of the reality we don’t look to the better side of the real world however to the terrible essence of our cynical lives. Our ways of life rotate the torment and misfortune we experience, we have to take up the or if nothing else handle the ideas that lie in the songs of Bobby McFerrin’s hit single. The importance, history and significance to today’s society will be investigated. Don’t stress, be glad is a tune discharged by Bobby McFerrin related to the film Cocktail in 1988. The melody is a universal feel great song of praise for audience members all around. It centers around the accentuation of looking past your difficulties and staying positive. Regardless of whether it be materialistic or passionate, one can't leave themselves alone cut down on the grounds that as a general public we are all in a manner or another associated and experience the toppling domino impact causing your friends additionally to come slamming down. As indicated by an examination led by the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 96 sets of school flat mates during 2 appraisal meetings. The flat mates of discouraged objective understudies turned out to be increasingly discouraged themselves through the span of the investigation. According to the melody when you stress your face will grimace and that will cut everyone down. Likewise McFerrin even proposals to enable the audience to look for joy, representing that there is in every case some expectation and the audience need just to connect and look for it to accomplish it. As a rule the tune is advising the audience to advance the constructive instead of the pessimistic in one’s life, an idea that the individuals of today need.

An Overview of the Top Awards and Honors for Economists

An Overview of the Top Awards and Honors for Economists Of course, the most lofty honor that a living financial analyst can get is the Nobel Prize in Economics, granted by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The Nobel Prize is, from multiple points of view, a lifetime accomplishment grant, notwithstanding the way that its frequently granted to financial analysts a long time before they resign. Since 2001, the prize itself has been 10 million Swedish kronor, which is identical to between $1 million and $2 million, contingent upon the swapping scale. The Nobel Prize can be part among various people, and prizes in financial aspects have been shared by up to three individuals in a given year. (At the point when a prize is shared, it is commonly the situation that the champs fields of study share a typical subject.) Winners of the Nobel Prize are called Nobel Laureates, since in antiquated Greece tree wreaths were utilized as an indication of triumph and respect. In fact talking, the Nobel Prize in Economics is certainly not a genuine Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prizes were set up in 1895 by Alfred Nobel (upon his passing) in the classifications of material science, science, writing, medication and harmony. The financial matters prize is really named the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel and was built up and invested by Sveriges Riksbank, Swedens national bank, in 1968 on the banks 300th commemoration. This differentiation is generally unessential from a viable point of view, since the prize sums and the assignment and choice procedures are the equivalent for the Economics prize with respect to the first Nobel Prizes. The principal Nobel Prize in Economics was granted in 1969 to the Dutch and Norwegian financial specialists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch. Numerous financial analysts have been granted from that point forward. Just a single lady, Elinor Ostrom in 2009, has won a Nobel Prize in Economics. The most renowned prize granted explicitly to an American business analyst (or a least a financial analyst working in the United States at that point) is the John Bates Clark Medal. The John Bates Clark Medal is granted by the American Economic Association to whom it considers to be the most cultivated as well as promising business analyst younger than forty. The main John Bates Clark Medal was granted in 1947 to Paul Samuelson, and, while the decoration used to be granted each other year, it has been granted in April of consistently since 2009. As a result of the age limitation and the renowned idea of the honor, its solitary normal that numerous financial analysts who win the John Bates Clark Medal later proceed to win the Nobel Prize in Economics. Indeed, around 40 percent of John Bates Clark Medal victors have proceeded to win the Nobel Prize, regardless of the way that the main Nobel Prize in Economics wasnt granted until 1969. (Paul Samuelson, the principal John Bates Clark Medal beneficiary, won only the subsequent Nobel Prize in Economics, granted in 1970.) One other honor that conveys a great deal of weight in the financial aspects world is the MacArthur Fellowship, otherwise called a virtuoso award. This honor is conceded by the John D. what's more, Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, which declares by and large somewhere in the range of 20 and 30 beneficiaries every year. 850 champs have been picked between June 1981 and September 2011, and every victor gets a no hidden obligations association of $500,000, paid out quarterly over a five-year time span. The MacArthur Fellowship is one of a kind in various manners. Initially, the naming advisory group searches out individuals in a wide assortment of fields as opposed to concentrating on a specific territory of study or aptitude. Second, the partnership is granted to people who display an ability to do inventive and important work and is along these lines an interest in future outcomes as opposed to just a compensation for past accomplishment. Third, the naming procedure is extremely clandestine and champs are ignorant that they are significantly getting looked at until they get a call disclosing to them that theyve won. As per the establishment, over twelve market analysts (or financial aspects related social researchers) have won MacArthur Fellowships, starting with Michael Woodford in the debut year. Strikingly, six MacArthur Fellows (starting at 2015) - Esther Duflo, Kevin Murphy, Matthew Rabin, Emmanuel Saez, Raj Chetty, and Roland Fryer-have likewise won the John Bates Clark Medal. In spite of there being huge cover among the beneficiaries of these three honors, no market analyst has accomplished the triple crown of financial aspects yet.

Climate Change Mitigation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmental Change Mitigation - Research Paper Example Its belongings, significance and control systems, are additionally assessed to guarantee that adequate data is given to different partners to encourage the improvement of viable moderation draws near. Work routine The accompanying work routine gives my work schedule to fruitful culmination of this undertaking No Activity Completion Date 1 First research proposition 24TH Feb 2012 2 Approval by Supervisor fourteenth March 2012 3 Interview sixteenth March 2012 4 Library and electronic pursuit 23rd March 2012 5 Final duplicate arrangement fifth April 2012 6 Approval by the director and introduction 28th April 2012 Literature Review Clear comprehension of the impacts of climatic changes is a basic component towards building a lively future that grasps quality social and monetary norms of life. Ecological flimsiness, which is brought about via carbon and other harmful emanations to the air as of now, represents an incredible test to the advancement of organizations because of expanded expe nse of creation with restricted assets in the creation chain (Locker and Kaczmarek, 2010). Unfavorable climatic changes cause tremendous haggardness of common assets, which is crucial in building up a solid economy with charming social advantages. Governments and different associations should adequately comprehend the requirement for forestalling ecological debasement. This altogether happens through decrease of green house outflows to the earth by major delivering enterprises to guarantee a protected domain, which underpins social and budgetary endeavors. As showed by Locker and Kaczmarek (2010), moderation of climatic changes is the way toward giving important mediations towards lessening wellsprings of green house gases. These causes require compelling alleviation through obvious strategies and improvement of tough measures with a point of forestalling moral ecological practices. As per Crawford, Davoudi and Mehmood (2009), comprehension of the need to alleviate and forestall cli matic unfavorable conditions is progressively turning into a significant hindrance to most associations. In business associations, nature of products created identifies with limits and qualities gave by the working condition, which is a fundamental factor, crucial for authoritative achievement. No organization can viably regulate its exchange effectively without appropriate administration of its condition (Crawford et al, 2009). Consequently, natural components have become an inexorably basic worry for most foundations where paying little mind to authoritative size, ecological issues impacts benefit and general execution. The idea of environmental decrepitude straightforwardly influencing air changes has existed for a long time. In any case, it is as of late that its mindfulness has lead to the foundation of measures towards controling atmosphere issues. Specialists meaning to direct relief have made ecological anxiety basic for environmental change alleviation (OECD, 2008). Foresta tion and deforestation are the most widely recognized exercises related with handling these ecological difficulties. This procedures impact the power of focus for green house gases (GHG) inside the climate. In this way, environmental change requires quick arrangements than can limit the drawn out movements that may result to natural debasement. Its effect in one region straightforwardly influences the entire planet, as atmosphere isn't kept. Atmosphere alleviation

Ereaders Wont Kill You

Ereaders Wont Kill You Im a crow eater. “Ill never join Twitter.” #ididthat “Ill never wear Uggs.” I have two pairs AND flip flops (theyre warm in the winter, yall). “Ill never write. Im not a writer.” I had my first essay published last week. “Im not going to read 50 Shades, and you cant make me!” I made it three days, then talked about it in detail on statewide radio. Worth noting it is one of the only hours of programming not archived on SuperTalk Mississippis website. “Bacon sundae? No.” Dear Burger King, Please bring those back. XOXO, Emily “I WILL NEVER EVER EVER OWN AN EREADER BECAUSE DEATH OF PRINT AND BOOK SMELL.” My Kobo arrived last Monday. I wasnt sure if I would even publicly admit to owning an ereader because for years, I made such a stink about them. I am by no means a book snob (see “I read 50 Shades” above). I managed an independent bookstore and made the push for us to offer ebooks, saying the whole time, “I mean, its not my jam but it is to OTHER people.” And I would say “OTHER people” like “those bozos killing the printed word.” I review books for my alma maters news website. I was getting anywhere between one and a dozen ARCs and finished copies PER DAY. Multiply that times the square footage of my two bedroom, one bathroom cottage house and you have a kudzu situation going on. When I was done reading/reviewing the finished books, I would donate them to a retirement community. I dont feel comfortable doing anything with ARCs because they are uncorrected proofs, so they sit in boxes (by the way, I know who you are selling them on eBay STOP DOING THAT. NOT COOL). I also buy books. I limit myself to a handful a month because of the kudzu situation, and I always buy from an independent bookstore. Nine times out of ten, they are signed. I probably thought a little too long and hard about making the jump to digital, even if it was just for egalleys. I dont love it enough to shell out money to purchase ebooks (which Im sure since I just said that, Ill be eating a dirty bird later). For me, it made sense as a lack-of-personal-space problem solver. Im a big fan of personal space and in my little house, its very limited. My UPS man was starting to ask a lot of questions about what I did for a living. Bringing digital galleys into my home means I dont have to put on pants to get them from the front porch. WIN. It just made sense. I think what Im most excited about is all of the free public domain books. I can finally read what I was supposed to read in high school but never did, and then decide which gorgeous Coraline Bickford-Smith editions to buy for my library. See? Im still buying books. Since firing up my Kobo, I have already read Joshilyn Jacksons Someone Elses Love Story and Steve Yarbroughs The Realm of Last Chances. Yes, kids. I read two whole books on my ereader and I DIDNT DIE. Now, I will publicly say “I dont want to go to the beach,” so I will soon. Note: I did purchase my Kobo from an independent bookstore. If you are interested in learning more about Kobo ereaders and buying ebooks from independent bookstores, check out Indiebound.org

Environmental Impact Assessment In Petroleum Engineering - 275 Words

Environmental Impact Assessment In Petroleum Engineering (Other (Not Listed) Sample) Content: Student NameProfessor NameEngineeringDateEnvironmental Impact Assessment In Petroleum EngineeringPetroleum refining has progressed to become gradually more complex in the past few decades especially with the increasing environmental regulations in the field. In the modern day, there are necessities for an environmental impact assessment before the beginning of petroleum drilling among other projects. Oil plays an immense and significant role in the society today. Petroleum is not only an energy source but its products are also useful as feedstocks for various end user commodities. The evolving of the oil industry has taken the drilling procedure from guess work to a defined seeking out of fields. Developments in technology have also enhanced environmental protection and preservation of natural resources. The industry holds a significant possibility of risks for the environment and it may affect it at various points: air, soil, water, and as a result, all living org anisms on the globe. Within the discussed perspective, the most common and severe impact of the oil engineering is pollution. Pollution can occur during the various phases of activities in the oil and gas industry including exploration to refining. Hence, in...

The Movie `` Precious `` - 966 Words

How often is it that you watch a movie and you feel uneasy or sad but the movie is actually a good movie; award winning good? Precious is one of the only movies that makes me feel that way no matter how many times I watch it. The movie Precious was actually a bestselling novel written by Ramona Lofton also known as Sapphire; in 1996; then directed into a movie by Lee Daniels in 2009. The movie takes place in Harlem, 1987 it is about an overweight, abused, illiterate teen who is pregnant with her second child whom is invited to an alternative school in hopes that her life can head in a different path. In the movie the teen, Clarice Precious Jones would have frequent flashbacks and dreams. Precious would have flashbacks of things that have happened to her and dreams that she was in another life. From the studies done on dissociative disorders it could be said that she suffers from DD. Dissociative disorder are conditions that involve disruptions, breakdowns of memory, identity, or perception. People with dissociative disorders use dissociation, as a defense mechanism, involuntarily. Dissociative disorders are thought to primarily be caused by psychological trauma. Research says â€Å"To date, clinical data indicate that dissociation may be associated with a more difficult, chronic course of symptoms in standard trauma treatment as well as high levels of attrition from treatment (see Brand, Lanius, Vermetten, Loewenstein, 2012). A high proportion of the dissociative disorderShow MoreRelatedThe Movie `` Precious ``1033 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsibility, trust, or power† ( Pg. 130). The movie â€Å"Precious†, which is an adaptation of the novel â€Å"Push† by Sapphire, touches on every aspect of this definition of child abuse, and although this is a movie, unfortunately it is a reality for 6 million children in America. Any part of this movie at any given time can relate to any aspect of child abuse, but I have chosen specific parts for specific examples. From the very beginning of the movie, anyone can see the abuse that was going on, butRead MorePrecious Movie Paper821 Words   |  4 PagesPrecious Hollywood has never understood the real meaning of poverty, culture class, deviance, or sexual orientation until a director, Lee Daniels, had read the book â€Å"Push†, by Saphire, which the movie is an exact replicate of the book. When I had first seen the movie, I was very astonished at all the cursing and abuse that they had shown, I was also amazed that the director Lee Daniels, went over the line to show how hard it actually is to be a poor, young 16-year-old, African AmericanRead MorePrecious Movie Analysis713 Words   |  3 PagesIn the film Precious discuses a lot of maltreatment and physical abuse. This movie is by far one of the worse because it deals with mistreatment and negative talk on an innocent teenager who wants to be all that she can be, but she is insulted and told differently. There is a lot of drugs being used in the home and just plain out disrespect. Claireece â€Å"Precious† Jones who is 16 years old grew up in Harlem during the late 1980s. All of the poor and dirty crime that happens, none of which affects PreciousRead MorePrecious Movie Analysis1212 Words   |  5 PagesPrecious is a movie that was produced based off a book. The movie was a story about a 16-year-old girl Claireece â€Å"Precious† Jones who was abused by her family emotionally, physically, mentally, and sexually. (Magness, Siegel-Magness, Daniels, 2009) Taking at a look at this from a social worker perspective one can look at how to address the situation and how one work with a potential client like Precious. The film addresses many issues that a client may come across including the micro, mezzo, andRead MorePrecious Movie Analysis2149 Words   |  9 PagesPersonal Response to the film â€Å"Precious† â€Å"Precious† is a film about a Harlem teen of the same name’s attempts of escape from her abusive mother and lustful father in order to live a new life and have a brighter future. The movie, in spite of clichà © and problems with the plot, managed to win the viewers’ heart and took them up for an empathic and compassionate adventure of Precious, a 16-year-old teen who is slowly transforming into a mature and independent young woman. Coupled with a decent directorRead MoreTaking a look at the Movie Precious652 Words   |  3 PagesThe movie Precious is revolves heavily on the severe outcomes of life and how the sever sufferings that some suffer can really effect one’s mental status. The main character of the movie is Claireece Precious Jones, referred to as Precious, a 16-year-old girl who has lived through a life of abuses with her abusive mother Monique and step father Rodney; suffering at a very young age from both her parents. In the movie, Pre cious lives in a ghetto in Harlem New York surviving on welfare from anRead MoreFilm Analysis Of The Movie Precious2252 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction The movie Precious is based on the adaptation of the book Push written by Sapphire. Though the story is a fiction based life of Claireece Precious Jones it is far from reality for many young women. Growing up in an environment that is filled with emotional, verbal, physical and sexual abuse along with crime infested neighborhoods and overcrowded public school and many other factors that pose a lot of challenges for a young girl in the inner city. Though the odd is against Precious she provesRead MoreThroughout The Movie Precious, There Are Several Times836 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the movie Precious, there are several times when the audience witnesses trauma and its effect on Precious’ life. These traumatizing events include sexual abuse, verbal abuse, physical abuse, and emotional abuse. When people go through these events, their mind will find ways to cope with their situation. These coping mechanisms are depersonalization, derealization, detachment, and dissociati on. Depersonalization is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5Read MoreEssay about Precious Movie Review1310 Words   |  6 PagesPrecious Summary The film Precious directed by Lee Daniels is a solemn movie dealing with the unfortunate truths of everyday life for some individuals. The film staring Gabourey Sidibe who plays the main character Clarice â€Å"Precious† Jones along with co-stars Mariah Carey and Leni Kravitz is based in the Ghetto of Harlem in the year of 1987. Precious is a sixteen year-old illiterate morbidly obese teenager whom has grown up in the Ghetto of Harlem in a dysfunctional family. Her mother Mary verballyRead MoreCulture in Urban Schools - Paper on the Movie Precious1468 Words   |  6 PagesFinal Exam Directions: Choose movie from the list below to answer the following questions. Answer the questions within the framework of the Culture in Urban in Schools 3306 class. Each question is 20 points each. Suggested Movies or Books: Slumdog Millionaire CRASH Freedom Writers The Secret Lives of Bees Save the Last Dance To Kill a Mockingbird Precious Name of Movie: _____________________Precious___________________ 1. Describe the movie/book setting by using Sociocultural

Essay on Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Sallinger - 1567 Words

â€Å"Don’t tell people what you are thinking, or you will miss them terribly when you are away† (Salinger 214) says Holden Caulfeild as he warns the world. Salingers novel pinpoints the many fears and phobias of growing up from an immature, pessimistic, â€Å"everybody’s a goddam phony† perspective that makes it relate-able to young transitioning teenagers. Salingers Caulfeild is afraid of growing up and the unknown prospects of entering the adult world after experiencing a life changing event. Holden, clinging to his innocence, most importantly learns how the Phony adult world not only treats people like HC poorly, but it kills them. Salingers Novel is told in first person perspective by a seventeen year old Holden Coufeild who longs for†¦show more content†¦However, his character HC is manipulated to also have the agony of losing a loved one and facing that mild-stone of watching death. HC continues to mourn the death of his brother, Allie. H C, like many teenagers, does not know how to accept the hard times and find a way to cope in society. Instead he bottles up negative feelings that cause him to deteriorate from the inside. This one experience, in turn has the domino effect on HC because hes still immature, impulsive, and irresponsible. Most people would give up on HC, the way he gave up on people. HC hates his life but he never does anything to change it. Everything he hates, is because he is afraid and everything hes afraid of is because it will force him to grow up. HC fears that the world is full of phony’s, morons, and perverts. Throughout the entire book HC reaches out to positive role models but never really listens to their advice. Mr. Stradlater makes an effort to push HC to look at what he is doing wrong and feel ashamed, but HC doesn’t give a damn. Unfortunately for HC, he only sees what he wants to see. â€Å"One of the biggest reasons I left Elkton Hills was because I was surrounded by p honies. Thats all. They were coming in the goddamn window†(Salinger 13) . Yes, there are many phony’s, especially in high-school, there isn’t a

An Exploration of the Intimate Economies of Bangkok

Through Ara Wilson’s detailing of her exploration of Bangkok in her ethnography â€Å"The Intimate Economies of Bangkok†, I was able to become an observer of the meshing of the native culture that already existed in Bangkok with the Western culture that has been spreading into the nation for many years. Typically the concept of cultural homogenization discusses an extremely skewed power dynamic in which one regional culture (typically one that exists in countries that have been classified as developing) is taken over and dissembled by the presence of the prevalent Western culture. From Wilson’s account, I find that economies in Bangkok are not so much experiencing a homogenization, but a merging of different cultures which keeps the elements of†¦show more content†¦If structures aren’t viable in this traditional model, then they are typically torn down and replaced with structures that would justify the money that was initially invested in them. H owever, the Thai version of this â€Å"Western† business model differs from this rule of profit. In order to produce malls that are more appealing to a given market, the business owners must discover and recognize the current cultural norms that are in existence in Thailand. While the malls and the family-based structures completely deviate from tradition in the purest sense of the word, traditions all over the world have changed and evolved with the changing times and the new level of cultural exposure that exists at this time. In the case of the malls, while the idea of a mall can be recognized as being Western at their base level, in many ways they embody the current desires of the middle-class Thai/Sino-Thai population. In this case it can be argued the malls ended up representing a fusion between Western and Thai ideals. Wilson’s ethnography provides a more complex understanding of the coming together of global capitalism and local, cultural models by virtue of theShow MoreRelatedMarketing Communications Notes17720 Words   |  71 Pagesand online sources in selecting their communication channel. However, in less developed countries, cost, reach (number of consumers exposed to the message) and literacy rates must be considered. In densely populated areas such as Mexico City and in Bangkok with its infamous traffic congestion, outdoor billboards provide good reach. Kenya’s low literacy rates favour broadcast media over print. Deciding between television and radio becomes easier when you consider that 30,000 Kenyans own television setsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageswas enticed by labor recruiters who preyed on the des perately poor. The prospects for the great majority were almost invariably lives of drudge labor in urban sweatshops, on tropical plantations, or on the wharves of an expansive, global export economy. Throughout the century, advances in human rights, which were spread ever more broadly among different social groups—including women, laborers, INTRODUCTION †¢ 3 ethnic minorities, and gays—made strides that were perhaps greater thanRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagesfelt as a child struggling to breathe, this time I realized that mybusiness interest and knowledge gave me a way to turn conviction into impact. Wal...Mart CEO Lee Scott recently said, There need not be conflict between the environment and the economy. As an environ... mentalist and management consultant, I wholeheartedly agree. My career vision is to help industrial companies in China incorporate environmentally sustainable practices into their business strategies. While manufacturers traditionallyRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesAvenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sà £o Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press Read MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesof the airline industry, giving students the general idea. The first question asks for additional elements in the analysis. For example, under Political, you might add subsidies for local airports; under Economic, you might add the rise of Asian economies; and under Legal, you could add the trend towards airline privatisation. A key danger to highlight is of long lists of forces or influences that are too unwieldy for practical action. So the second question challenges students to assess which ofRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pageslistening. 2. Students are engaged in activities (e.g., reading, discussing, writing). 3. There is less emphasis placed on information transmission and greater emphasis placed on developing student skills. 4. There is greater emphasis placed on the exploration of attitudes and values. 5. Student motivation is increa sed, especially in adult learners. xviii PREFACE 6. Students receive immediate feedback from their instructor and peers. 7. Students are involved in higher order thinking (analysis, synthesis

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act - 6750 Words

Introduction The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) is the principal federal program through which the federal government sets standards for juvenile justice systems at the state and local levels. It provides direct funding for states, research, training, and technical assistance, and evaluation. The JJDPA was originally enacted in 1974 and even though the JJDPA has been revised several times over the past 30 years, its basic composition has remained the same. Since the act was passed in 1974, the JJDPA focused solitary on preventing juvenile delinquency and on rehabilitating juvenile offenders. Since the original enactment of the JJDPA in 1974, the periodic reauthorizations have been controversial, as the Acts†¦show more content†¦Congress would also like to strengthen the Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) core protection by requiring States to take concrete steps to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in the juvenile justice system and provide safe and human e conditions of confinement for youth in State or local custody by prohibiting use of JJDPA funds for dangerous practices and encouraging States to adopt best practices and standards to eliminate dangerous practices and unnecessary isolation. Not to mention, provide a research†based continuum of mental health and substance abuse services to meet unmet needs of court†involved youth and their families, including diversion and re†entry services and assist States in compliance with the JJDPA by establishing incentive grants to encourage States to adopt evidence†based and/or promising practices that improve outcomes for youth and their communities. For States that are deemed to be out of compliance with any of the core protections, Congress should require any JJDPA funds withheld for non†compliance to be set aside and made available to those States as improvement grants to help them with those particular protections.Show MoreRelatedJuvenile Justice And Delin quency Prevention Reauthorization Act1577 Words   |  7 Pagesis to research the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act. The paper will focus on the purpose of this legislation, as well as the values that are expressed by this policy. This paper will not only address why this piece of legislation is important it will discuss the effects this act has had on the communities as well as the youths themselves. This paper, will also address the potential for change about the public attitudes towards the juvenile justice system and the socialRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention Act Of 19741625 Words   |  7 PagesA juvenile or â€Å"youthful inmate† as defined by the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (PREA) is any person under the age of eighteen who is under adult-court supervision and incarcerated or detained in a prison or jail. While PREA defines a juvenile as under the age of eighteen the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Preventio n Act of 1974 (JJDPA) allows the states to set their own definition of a juvenile (Lahey). This discrepancy in the definition of a juvenile has caused problems and slow progressRead More Preventing Juvenile Delinquency Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesPreventing Juvenile Delinquency The saying is that history often repeats itself. If this is true then society will have to deal with the complex burden of juvenile who eventually become adult criminals. However, if this saying is not true then the community in which juvenile delinquency exist must have the tool necessary to divert the youth in the community. If one is to change delinquent youth’s behavior, they need to variegate the justice system in order to prevent juvenile delinquent recidivismsRead MoreCauses and Solution of Juvenile Delinquency in America Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagesthan 3300 young adults under the age of 18† (Khan).Juvenile delinquency can be caused by the influence gangs,bullying, and bad parenting. This topic caught my attention because there a lot of kids getting arrested each year for crimes committed and kids getting involved in gangs, also kids getting access to weapons,drugs, or getting bully by other people. However juvenile delinquency can be prevented by offerin g bullying prevention, violence prevention curriculums and mentoring programs. â€Å"If gangsRead MoreThe American Juvenile Justice System1043 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican juvenile justice system had developed over the past century with a number of variables that makes it different from the adult criminal justice process. Juvenile justice advocates supports the differences on the youthful offenders. Juvenile crime policy over the course of the twentieth century talks about transferring the law’s conceptions of young offenders. Starting from the nineteenth century, many of the youths were tried and punished as adults. However, treatment of juveniles in the UnitedRead MoreCrime Prevention Programs And Juvenile Delinquency1378 Words   |  6 PagesCrime Prevention Programs Juvenile Delinquency Jenna Moffitt American Military University Professor Parkinson CMRJ295 November 29, 2015 Crime Prevention Programs Juvenile Delinquency Crime is the one constant thing in our country that will always be around. For decades we have enhanced our technology, changed our laws, put away criminals, but crime still, and will always exist. Crime prevention programs are put into place to help prevent juveniles and adults fromRead MoreModern Day Juvenile Justice System882 Words   |  4 PagesThe modern day Juvenile Justice System (JJS) in the U.S. evolved out of fragmented reform movements throughout the country that began in 1800 and continued into the 1900’s, Progressive Era. Out of the many movements that were occurring in various states, two pioneered approaches took place that could easily be considered the roots of the entire JJS. In 1824 in the state of New York, the New York House of Refuge became the nation’s first reformatory for children. For the first time, there was anRead MoreEssay on Juvenile Justice1506 Words   |  7 PagesPortfolio on Juvenile Status Offenders A juvenile status offender is a youth charged with an offense that is not consider a crime if committed by an adult; this would include but not limited to running away from home, curfew violations, underage drinking, skipping school, or beyond a parents control. Status offenders are usually not incarcerated on their first offense, but violating a court order can find them as delinquent who can result in being place in a correction or detention facility. Read MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried as Adults896 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion: Should juvenile offenders be tried and punished as adults? Claim: Juvenile offenders shouldn’t be tried and punished as adults. I. Introduction a. There has been a lot of controversy over the issue of if juveniles should be tired and punished as adults. II. Harsh Policies Do not work http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/juvenile-justice/factsheets/youthasadults.pdf III. Adult Convictions Jeopardize Children’s Rights and Futures IV. Risks to Children’s Health V. These PoliciesRead MoreGender Roles : The Juvenile Justice System1244 Words   |  5 PagesGender Roles in the Juvenile Justice System What role does gender play at the various stages of the juvenile justice system? Gender plays an enormous role in the juvenile justice system; both boys and girls have their fair share of run-ins with the Juvenile Justice System, but now more so than ever, females crime rates have increased. In some instances within the juvenile justice system, it may appear that boys and girls are comparable; however there are differences, even though they are subtle.

Heinrich Isaac; Research Paper Free Essays

Heinrich Isaac is noted as a central figure in late 15th and early 16th century musical development. He was one of three leading composers of the Franco Flemish or Netherlandish School with Jakob Obrecht and Josquin Des Prez. Although Josquin Des Prez was undoubtedly the major figure of the middle renaissance and is most often mentioned before Heinrich Isaac, Isaac is one of several that also deserve recognition. We will write a custom essay sample on Heinrich Isaac; Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Heinrich was born around ten years after Josquin in 1450-1455. Historians are somewhat certain he was born in Flemish Brabant, a province of Flanders#. Very little is recorded of Heinrich’s early life. It is believed that he was educated in the same area, the Low Countries, due to its excellent standards in musical education. Isaac is also noted to have been a pupil of the Florentine organist Antonio Squarcialupi. It is supposed that Heinrich had begun composing music by 1470. All of this is very hard to establish; the first documented reference to Heinrich Isaac is dated September 15, 1484, thirty or so years after his estimated birth. This document comes from Innsbruck, southwest Austria and refers to Heinrich as a hired member of a royal choir owned by Duke Sigismund of the House of Hapsburgs. The following year Heinirch traveled to Florence. Multiple documents show that Isaac acquired a position in 1485 as a designated singer at the church Santa Maria del Fiore, commonly known as the Duomo. Heinrich Isaac was known for his close association with the Medici family. It is suspected that Lorenzo de’ Medici was responsible for Isaac’s move from Innsbruck. Heinrich maintained close ties with the family throughout his entire life. He is said to have worked for the Medicis as an organist and a musical teacher however recent findings of documentation explain that â€Å"the Medici’s organist† was a title held by another Isaac. Isaac did work with the family as a teacher and choir director. While in Florence Isaac composed a great deal of music including masses and motets. Some of these linked Heinrich’s association with the Medici family. Lorenzo died in 1492 and Piero inherited everything including his father’s musical groups. Isaac wrote two motets in remembrance of Lorenzo. Piero took these groups to Rome to perform for the coronation of Pope Alexander VI. This was the same time and the same pope by which Michael Angelo was commissioned to reconstruct St. Peter’s Basillica. The Medici family was banished from Florence in 1494. In 1496 Heinrich was employed by Maximilian I the newly Holy Roman emperor. In 1497 Isaac was appointed court composer of the Hapsburg empire. Payment documents impose that Isaac traveled with the court through Augsburg, Wels, and Innsbruck between 1497 and 1501. Around 1502 Heinrich traveled to the Este court in Ferrera, Italy to compete with Josquin des Prez for a position. We do have a letter from the family that reads â€Å"Isaac is a disposition among his companions, and he will compose new works more often. It is true that Josquin composes better, but he composes when he wants to and not when one wants his to. † Recent scholarship says that Isaac never asked for the job. Heinrich was commissioned by the Constance cathedral in 1508 after traveling though Constance, Augsburg, and Florence for several years to write his outstandingly large Choralis Constatinus. Isaac returned to Florence in 1514 and died in 1517. Though most sources confirm that Isaac fled from Italy, newer historical findings suggest that Isaac actually never left Florence. Not only did Isaac not leave Florence after Lorenzo’s death but Heinrich Isaac later married a native Florentine, settled down, and became an established citizen of Florence. Isaacs’s marriage was supposedly arranged through Lorenzo Medici. Isaac was able to include both German and Italian aspects in his work, something that made him very distinct from his contemporaries. Most contemporary composers, who called themselves Florentines like he did, limited their traveling to France and Italy. Heinrich is described as one of the most prolific composers of his time. He made significant contributions to both secular and church music; of Germanic and Italian influence; of the splendor of the church and the secularism of the renaissance of which he was such a part of. â€Å"His work spanned from Flemish styled polyphony to bright Italian and French love songs, from ceremonial music expressing the pageantry and power of the church and state to rollicking songs in French, Italian and German embodying the popular, secular spirit of the Renaissance, and from rich choral textures for the church to exquisite chamber music for courtly entertainment. †# Isaacs output includes about forty Mass Ordinaries, 100 proper mass cycles (though most were published posthumously in the three- volume Choralis Constantinus), over fifty motets; and close to fifty secular songs made of French chansons, Italian Frottole, and a large amount of German Tenorlieder. Isaacs best known work is probably Innsbruch, ich muss dich lassen, a Tenorlieder written on the theme of a Germanic folk song. The same melody was used for the Lutheran chorale O Welt, Ich Muss Dich Lassen. Later both J. S. Bach and J. Brahms used the famed theme. Heinrich Isaac’s significance stands not only in his scope and quality but also in his influence particularly seen in Germany. Heinrich acted as an ambassador of the Netherlandish style to Germany. Heinrich had a great effect on the musical development of Germany, leading it into the mainstream European musical tradition and the further development of contrapuntal music. Heinrich’s music directly influenced German composers like Bach and Brahms who in turn influenced aspects in all of western music. As a professionally successful musician and patroned person of the three most powerful men in Europe, Heinrich Isaac’s music was most definitely seen and heard. Sources- The New Oxford History of Music: volume III Wikipedia Encyclopedia Britannica online www. bach-cantatas. com Absorbing Heinrich Isaac by David J Burn, Blake Wilson, And Giovanni Zanovello How to cite Heinrich Isaac; Research Paper, Essays

Muscle Fatigue free essay sample

Deeper to the muscle fiber is the sarcplasm which is cytoplasm in the muscle cells, this cytoplasm contains myofibrils which are just bundles of filaments. Now, myofibrils shorten, tis makes muscles contract and allows for movement. Some functions of musces in our bodies include motion, maintenance of posture, and heat production. Macromolecules that aid muscle contraction are the proteins myosin (thick filaments) and actin (thin filaments), the way that this is done is that they overlap each other and during contraction which makes the muscle â€Å"shorten†. Hypothesis: As more weight added to the load that a muscle is lifting, the muscle will go through muscle fatigue faster. Prediction: If a person lifts two loads, one light in mass and another that is greater in mass, then the person’s muscles will fatigue faster when lifting the load with the greater mass. Materials: * Stopwatch * Two Books Procedure: 1. Have Person 1 hold a book in their dominant hand as they are standing. We will write a custom essay sample on Muscle Fatigue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Now, Person 1 will now elevate the arm that they have the book in laterally (as if doing jumping jacks without the jumping), and they will bring it back down once their arm has leveled with their shoulder. . Person 1 will continue this exercise until they can no longer lift the book. (don’t forget to record how long they last with a stopwatch). 4. Now repeat steps 2 and 3 with Person 2 and Person 3. 5. After at least 40 minutes Person 1 will repeat the exercise with two books instead of a single book this time; Record their time. 6. Repeat step 5 with Person 2 and Person 3. Results: Weight(# of Books)| Time lasted until Fatigue (in seconds)| | Person 1| Person 2| Person 3| 1| 70| 46| 41| 2| 39| 10| 35| During this experiment I noticed that when Persons 1-3 did the exercise they would start to feel some sort of discomfort in at least the first 20 seconds. They would usually start going slower in their exercise than when they initially started it. I also noticed their discomfort in their facial features; for instance, they would all tighten their lips. These are basically all the qualitative observations that I detected. Analysis: This experiment consisted of two variables, the amount of books (Independent) and the time they could last doing an exercise (Dependent). The data shows that every person lasted more time doing the exercise with one book than with doing it with two books. Person 1 lasted 70 seconds with one book, but when he redid the exercise with two books he only did 39 seconds—a big difference in time. This same correlation was shown with Person 2 who lasted 46 seconds while exercising with one book, but when the exercise was done again, the time lasted was only 10 seconds. This happened again with Person 3 who did 41 seconds with one book, he did 35 seconds with two books. Any errors that might have occurred could be a misreading of the stopwatch—I sometimes tend to rush an experiment to try to finish it quickly and maybe I misread the stopwatch a little. Also, another flaw that could have occurred during the experiment could have been not making sure that the exercise was done correctly—the lift of the book is intented to be until the arm is at the same level as the shoulder every time it goes up and down. Now when people start to get tired they don’t lift their arms all the way up, that is why it is important that someone is making sure that they do the exercise correctly. Lifting it all the way is harder and more tiring than when it is only lifted a little—this could have had a small effect on the data, I don’t necessary believe that it could’ve been a big impact. Another thing that did affect Person 2 was that they had small hands so it was hard for them to hold two books in the same hand. They managed to go through with the exercise but they did mention that they were having trouble with it. It could also explain why their time was so low—she only lasted 10 seconds with the two books. Conclusion: Hypothesis: As more weight added to the load that a muscle is lifting, the muscle will go through muscle fatigue faster. My data did support my hypothesis, as mentioned above all three people tested gave very similar results—lasting longer doing the exercise with one book than with two. This is because of muscle fatigue. Even though the experiment had a flaw with Person 2 and her ability to sustain two books at the same time, the data was not damaged a lot, since she did do less time with the two books than with one book. In the end, the data supports my hypothesis and shows how weight is a big factor in muscle fatigue.

Oedipuss Life Is Lived Out In Many Accomplishments And Achievements. M

Oedipus's life is lived out in many accomplishments and achievements. Mount Cithaeron symbolizes his journey from the being of his life to the end. It also symbolizes the important steps toward or trying to reach the peak, the perfect blend of mind and spirit. Mount Cithaeron portrays how people take a journey toward self awareness, and how most do not make. Oedipus's life has five accomplishments or steps on the road of Mount Cithaeron. Oedipus first event is surviving as a newborn baby. Oedipus was left to die on a mountain with his feet pinned by Jocasta, mother, and Lauis, father. Luckily, Oedipus was found by a Shepard and eventually given to the King of Corinth, Polybus. When told by an oracle that he was going to kill his father and marry his mother, he leaves Corinth and fulfills his second accomplishment. Unknowingly, Oedipus is gradually moving upward on the Mount to the third accomplishment. While walking on the road, he came to where three roads meet. He saw six men, thinking they were a band of robbers, he kills them. Not realizing that he had killed his father and fulfilled the prophecy, he moves on and up the mount. The fourth accomplishment, was killing a monster called the Sphinx. When Oedipus answered the Sphinx's riddle, the sphinx kills herself and Oedipus saves the city. Since the King could not be found and Oedipus had gotten rid of the Sphinx, Oedipus was given the throne. He was also given Jocasta's hand in marriage. Finally, he had completed his fifth accomplishment when given the position of King. By being hubris, the rest of Oedipus's life went downward. When Jocasta found out the truth she killed herself. Seeing that Jocasta was dead and he had cursed his children, Oedipus poked his eyes out. Oedipus's life or journey up Mount Citaeron was good and bad. Oedipus played out his destiny or fate unknowingly. He was cursed from the beginning of his life. Oedipus did not reach the top, which was said to the spot of the gods, but he did go far. Bibliography Oedipus REx

Sample of Rogerian Essay - What to Expect

Sample of Rogerian Essay - What to ExpectIn this sample of Rogerian Essay, you will learn the key principles that have guided his career for more than fifty years. The unique mix of challenging situations and directness of the author's experiences and the speed with which he is able to give answers to leave readers with renewed confidence and a positive attitude. Rogerian is one of the finest living writers in America today.Rogerian has never been afraid to get his hands dirty and move forward, no matter how much adversity has confronted him. This sample of Rogerian Essay serves as a literary critique of contemporary society. The content is quite timely, and readers can benefit from the skills that have distinguished the author from other contemporary writers.Rogerian places a powerful emphasis on the necessity for each individual to be interested in life and the world around them. He constantly reminds readers that his writing is not for the sake of pleasing others. For example, his postscripts after his last chapter (which he wrote to convey his feelings after being recognized by President Gerald Ford) reveal his deep concern for human rights. Rogerian is well aware of the need for change in the United States and believes strongly that America must preserve its founding principles.Rogerian concludes his essay with a call to action. The advice he offers is not political but personal. Although it does not offer any specific solutions, his essay makes it clear that people are capable of changing their own circumstances, and that individuals must cultivate their own self-confidence and the belief that they are capable of making positive changes.In this sample of Rogerian Essay, you will discover how he has successfully grappled with the challenges of everyday life. A warm and loving welcome awaits you in his novel, which teaches that you can even overcome the most seemingly insurmountable problems. There is only one way out of this predicament: take the bold step of facing your fears.Rogerian's true strength lies in his ability to confront and challenge the reader with his novel. His insights about what motivates us, what changes can make us better people and how we can respond to adversity are inspirational. The unique blend of ideas and material that have given him his long-lasting success is well worth the effort of reading his full-length work.There is so much more to the story of Rogerian. As you read his rich account of his life and times, you will gain a glimpse into the unique ways he has molded himself, his family, and his unique perspective on the world. Learn all you can about this unique American writer and the exceptional sample of Rogerian Essay.

Age of American Imperialism essays

Age of American Imperialism essays During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, America decided to throw its hat in the ring for expansion. It pursued an aggressive policy of expansionism, extending its political and economic influence around the world. That era in the history of the United States is called the Age of American Imperialism. Many countries were continuing to set up colonies on islands currently occupied by barbarians, heathens, and cannibals. These countries believed that they had the god given right to take over their lives and force them into Christianity. After being commanded to give up all of their traditions and their way of life, they were put to work in factories for minimal wages and zero respect. America somehow saw this as a good thing and decided to take control of the Philippines, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. The United States was selfish and thought that they and only they knew what was best for those countries. So because America was stronger than others it ran over their nations and reformed them to their own liking. This is how countries were formed and unformed, so does this mean that you can take a toy from your little brother just because you are bigger? Yes, but just because you can doesnt mean you should. The United States made excuses for starting the war to justify their taking over of the little nations. But when you look back at it it seems like they were looking for a reason to go to war. The need for expansion was in their blood and they couldnt look past the greed and see the lives of the people in the way of their conquest. In my opinion, the United States thought it was bigger and better than every other nation, even though it was still one of the youngest countries. America had grown selfish and conceited, it saw what it wanted and did whatever it took to get it from its rightful owners. They even broke their own treaty, the Monroe Doct ...

How the Mongols Took Over Baghdad in 1258

How the Mongols Took Over Baghdad in 1258 It took just thirteen days for the Ilkhanate Mongols and their allies to bring the Golden Age of Islam crashing down.  Eye-witnesses reported that the mighty Tigris River ran black with ink from the precious books and documents destroyed along with the Grand Library of Baghdad, or Bayt al-Hikmah.  Nobody knows for sure how many citizens of the Abbasid Empire died; estimates range from 90,000 to 200,000 up to 1,000,000.  In two short weeks, the seat of learning and culture for the entire Muslim world was conquered and ruined. Baghdad had been a sleepy fishing village on the Tigris before it was promoted to the status of the capital city by the great Abbasid caliph al-Mansur in 762.  His grandson, Harun al-Rashid, subsidized scientists, religious scholars, poets, and artists, who flocked to the city and made it an academic jewel of the medieval world.  The scholars and writers produced countless manuscripts and books between the late 8th century and 1258.  These books were written on a new technology imported from China after the Battle of Talas River, a technology called paper.  Soon, most of the people of Baghdad were literate and well-read. Mongols Unite Far to the east of Baghdad, meanwhile, a young warrior called Temujin managed to unite the Mongols and took the title Genghis Khan.  It would be his grandson, Hulagu, who would push the boundaries of the Mongol Empire into what is now Iraq and Syria.  Hulagus primary purpose was to solidify his grip on the heartland of the Ilkhanate in Persia.  He first completely annihilated the fanatical Shiite group known as the Assassins, destroying their mountain-top stronghold in Persia, and then marched south to demand that the Abbasids capitulate. The Caliph Mustasim heard rumors of the Mongols advance but was confident that the entire Muslim world would rise up to defend its ruler if need be.  However, the Sunni caliph had recently insulted his Shiite subjects, and his own Shiite grand vizier, al-Alkamzi, may have even invited the Mongols to attack the poorly-led caliphate. Late in 1257, Hulagu sent a message to Mustasim demanding that he open the gates of Baghdad to the Mongols and their Christian allies from Georgia.  Mustasim replied that the Mongol leader should return to where he came from.  Hulagus mighty army marched on, surrounding the Abbasid capital, and slaughtering the caliphs army that sallied out to meet them.   The Mongols Attack Baghdad held out for twelve more days, but it could not withstand the Mongols.  Once the citys walls fell, the hordes rushed in and collected mountains of silver, gold, and jewels.  Hundreds of thousands of Baghdadis died, slaughtered by Hulagus troops or their Georgian allies.  Books from the Bayt al-Hikmah, or House of Wisdom, were thrown into the Tigris, supposedly, so many that a horse could have walked across the river on them. The caliphs beautiful palace of exotic woods was burned to the ground, and the caliph himself was executed.  The Mongols believed that spilling royal blood could cause natural disasters like earthquakes.  Just to be safe, they wrapped Mustasim in a carpet and rode their horses over him, trampling him to death. The fall of Baghdad signaled the end of the Abbasid Caliphate.  It was also the high point of Mongol conquest in the Middle East.  Distracted by their own dynastic politics, the Mongols made a half-hearted attempt to conquer Egypt but were defeated at the Battle of Ayn Jalut in 1280.  The Mongol Empire would grow no further in the Middle East.

Nude Study of Thomas E. Mckeller by John Singer Sargent Essay

Nude Study of Thomas E. Mckeller by John Singer Sargent - Essay Example From that time, he grew up to be an accomplished in music, art, and literature. By seventeen, he was well accustomed to expansive masters of painting. He dealt majorly on portrait paintings, but he was also skilled in painting landscape and the use of watercolor (Joselit 65). He also went to study in Germany and Italy and later in Paris under Auguste Emile. Sargent also studied with Emile, whose influence changed his artistic life from 1874 to 1878. In 1879, his effort in painting the portrait of his teacher, Emile was met with approval by the public, and this gave him the future direction. He created more than two thousand watercolors, nine hundred oil paintings and countless charcoal drawings and sketches. In 1877, Sargent had a successful exhibition at the Paris salon. His travels to Holland and Spain to study fans Hals and Velazquez, visits to North Africa and Brittany inspired him in paintings. After the controversy of â€Å"Madame X,† painting Sargent moved to London whe re he had several commissions. In 1880, he tried to make up a client site in London and so experimented with landscaping and impressionism (Joselit 77). He incorporated the styles and elements of Monet and Manet in his work. By eighteen nineties, Sargent was the preferred portraitist of representation elites. As he entered sixties, he moved to landscaping turning away from trendy portraiture. Sargent never married and died in 1925. Exhibitions in recognition of his life were mounted the same year in London, Boston, and New York. The painting Thomas E. McKeller was an African American young muscular man when the image was done. He was a bellhop and Sargent considered his facial and muscular physique unique to pose for an oil painting. The acceptance of McKellar led to production of Thomas E. McKellar Nude Study. The painting exhibits Thomas kneeling on a cushion with his arms behind the body. The posture shows well-elaborated torso accompanied with a good amount of prominence and ten sion. Thomas head in the portrait has been tilted to the side and upward gazing maybe to the heavens. The success of Sargent portrait painting of the McKellar nude study depended on skilled use of visual elements and the mastery of them. In analyzing this portrait, he emphasized the physical element from the view of the portrait size and shape. The original size of the portrait is 125.73 x 84.45 cm (49 1/2 x 33 one/4 inch.) On the canvas. Considering the shape of the portrait, he painted it on distinct rectangular frame. He designed the portrait with an impressionable view of a three dimensional shape. Sargent was able to make this portrait descriptive object in that it physical characteristics are highly explicit with good visual capability. The physical depth of the â€Å"Nude study of McKellar† explores the hidden aesthetic means and value. He portrays the object clearly and openly where the physical analyses do not compromise the audience views and thoughts. The use of li nes as a main mean of painting style is well elaborated in this portrait. He makes good use of capricious lines on Thomas portrait hence his emotional intimacy can be deciphered in this work. The outer vertical lines of the frame give the portrait some calmness, nobleness, and sense of eternality. The horizontal use of line in the cushion part gives the painting indispensable visual element of calm and peace. There is also cross lines and irregular lines behind the body

Expando manufacturers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Expando manufacturers - Essay Example The situation was that the Expando Co. in State A received a wide variety of general subsidies from the State A government (including tax breaks, low interest financing, and technical assistance) that State A offers to all domestic enterprises within its territory. It is important to keep in mind that these breaks are offered in domestic situations. However, Expando manufactures began to market their wristwatch bands in State B and when this occurred the disagreement began.. The Flexo Co. in State B manufactures similar watchbands to those manufactured and marketed by Expando. Flexo Co. began to lose some of its market share to Expando and they became concerned over the loss. State A and State B are both WTO member states. While the market loss for Flexo ensued, there were some further issues that Flexo to take into consideration. Included was Their desire that State B impose a countervailing duty to offset the subsidies received by Expando from State A, and Flexo asked the State B Customs Service (which is responsible for imposing such duties) to do so. the reason that the question the question at hand was answered yes is because of the codes stipulating international business conduct for WTO members. According to these laws specifically Countervailing Duty Laws.

The Crime Survey For England And Wales Criminology Essay

The Crime Survey For England And Wales Criminology Essay The National Statistician in 2011 acknowledged that the exclusion of crimes against children from the BCS estimates has been considered a major gap. As a result, in 2009 the survey was extended to include children aged between 10 and 15 (Home Office Statistical Bulletin 2010/11, p. 20). This may help in gaining further knowledge of the full extent of crime in Britain, although this process also comes with its own limitations. The children may not be entirely accurate in their accounts, or fear what may happen to them after responding. The Crime Survey for England and Wales measures the extent of crime in England and Wales by asking people whether they have experienced any crime in the past year.  The survey has measured crime in this way since 1982 and is an important source of information for the government about the extent and nature of crime in England and Wales. It also aims to enquire information regarding the location and timing of crimes, the offenders characteristics and the relationship between victims and offenders (Office for National Statistics, 2012).    A separate survey (the Scottish Crime and Justice survey) measures the extent of crime in Scotland. The survey is conducted by TNS-BMRB on behalf of the Office for National Statistics. Evidence in support of this argument comes from The Home Office (2011) which stated: the BCS offers a more dependable measure of trends in crime as it has a consistent methodology and is unaffected by changes in levels of reporting to the police, recording practice or police activityHowever, the BCS does not aim to provide an absolute count of crime in England and Wales, but to produce estimates of crimes experienced by adults aged 16 and over resident in households. (Home Office Statistical News Release: Crime in England and Wales, 2010/11). Therefore, the survey is not representative of the whole population of Britain and cannot be used to give an overview picture of crime, due to the nature of its sample. Moreover, the survey does not cover all offences such as homicide, fraud and drug offences. On the other hand, police recorded figures have a greater coverage of offences compared to those of the BCS. For example, homicide is not covered by the surveys. Sexual victimisation questions are asked in a separate form, and results are not included in the main total of crime collected by the BCS, due to their delicate nature (Home Office, 2011). Office for National Statistics, 2012): Latest figures from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) for the year ending June 2012 show a 6 per cent decrease in overall crime against adults compared with the previous years survey. This continues the downward trend in recorded crime, seen since 2004/05. (Ref 6, the Guardian) There were 9.1m reported crimes in 2011/12, according to the Crime Survey for England and Wales, but less than half as many 3.9m were recorded by the police. (Ref 13 Home Office, 2010/11, p. 15-16) Police recorded crime has been subject to major changes in recording practice over time, making interpretation of long-term trends for this series is difficult. The BCS and recorded crime provide generally good coverage of crime committed against the public, particularly for offences involving physical harm, loss or damage to property. Recorded crime is limited to those offences which come to the attention of the police, and is affected by changes to reporting rates, recording practice and police activity. Thus for the crime types and population it covers, the BCS is the best long-term measure of crime trends. However, the BCS is limited in its coverage to crimes against those residents in households and so cannot cover all crime types (for example, homicide, crimes against businesses and other organisations and drug possession). Crime is recorded according to the victims account of events, rather than requiring criminal intent to be proven. Th e BCS asks about individuals experience of crime, irrespective of what action was subsequently taken. For police recorded crime, the victim-focused approach is enshrined in the National Crime Recording Standard (NCRS).The NCRS states that all incidents reported by a victim to the police should be recorded, if the events described amount to a crime in law and unless there is credible evidence to the contrary. The drop in crime since the mid-1990s is because of improved property and vehicle security, economic influences, social change, use of CCTV and other local crime reduction initiatives and changes in policing and the wider criminal justice system. Pg. 22: A range of non-notifiable crimes may be dealt with by the issuing of a Penalty Notice for Disorder, a Fixed Penalty Notice or prosecution at a magistrates court. Along with non-notifiable offences dealt with by the police (such as speeding), these include many offences that may be dealt with by other agencies for example, prose cutions by TV Licensing or by the DVLA for vehicle registration offences. These counts only relate to offences where action has been brought against an offender and guilt has either been ascertained in court, or the offender has admitted culpability through acceptance of a penalty notice. These crimes generally only come to light through the relevant authorities actively looking to identify offending behaviour. However, they do illustrate that, taking the broadest definition of crime, the main BCS and Recorded Crime statistics only cover a fraction of total criminal behaviour. Crime and society in Britain, Hazel Croall, 2011, p. 40: The role of victims and the public varies with the offence. Some maybe relatively invisible or the victim is totally unaware of any harm or actions regarded abnormal. For example the sexual abuse of children takes place in a private and children are often unaware that something is wrong. Some incidents such as theft at work may result in dismissal only and not involve criminal proceeding. Such incidents are therefore missed out in total crime accounted for by the police records and CSEW. Croall, 2011, Pg. 51: victim surveys use standard classifications of crime missing out white collar and financial crimes, the CSEW is based on households omitting organisations such as businesses, hospitals, schools and care homes, omitting young teenagers and kids, respondents definitions of crime are limited by their memory and restricted to crimes which they are aware of and miss out those they cannot detect themselves, the surveys capture s ingle incidents and underestimate the full extent of repeat victimisation. Pg. 52: self-report surveys that find out how many times the population have participated in criminal activity, provide more detail about the class, age sex or race of those that have admitted to offending. They are often used with young people and therefore provide extremely valuable information about participation in crime. However respondents, particularly children, may be afraid to answer properly as they fear parents might see their answers, or others may exaggerate, hence affecting the accuracy of responses given. These surveys have been restricted to young people making it harder to question other groups of people such as senior executive about embezzlement. Pg. 60: Muir 2010 found that crime has always been and remains higher in England and Wales than in Scotland and Northern Ireland having much lower levels of crime, using a comparison of crime surveys across the UK for 2008/9 figures. Pg. 61: Moreov er, Higgins and Millard 2009 argue that Wales which is generally combined with England has lower rates for most types than England. Tierney, 2006, Pg. 34: before 1992, the BCS used to survey households randomly chosen from electoral registers, however thereafter, the Postcode Address File was used. Pg. 35: Although the BCS provides large numbers of crime incidents not present in police recorded crime figures, this only applies to certain offence categories, rather than crime in general. Pg. 38-39: victim surveys just like police recorded crimes; do not pick up all criminal offences, such as for those under 16 years. Including corporate and organised plus occupational crimes; theft from businesses (shoplifting, insurance fraud), criminal damage, or crimes without victims, plus taxation and social security fraud. Victims may be scared, embarrassed or unaware they are victims. Pg. 41: according to class conflict theories, statistics provide an insight into the class based nature of the criminal justice system, as well as being manipulated to suit the interests of the powerful plus provide indicators of the inequalit ies and biases inherent in the system itself and in a capitalist society in general. Also one must consider the links between criminal activity, police clear up rates and various community-based initiatives. Tierney, 2006, Pg. 44: changes to counting rules in 1998 mainly affected violent crime and led to some previously less serious, non-notifiable assaults being categorised as notifiable. In 2002, police had to take victims account at face value, until proven otherwise, resulting in increasing the number of offences recorded. This is a further illustration of the socially constructed nature of criminal statistics. Pg. 20: Maguire 1994 suggests crime itself is a social contrast and statistics that relate to it are socially constructed. Croall, 2011, p. 42: the higher rates of reporting property crimes, especially car thefts, result from the requirements of insurance policies. Potential crimes come to the attention of police and other law enforcement agencies by being directly encountered or reported, with the majority being reported to the police by the public (Maguire 2007). Law enforcement decisions affect all subsequent stages when a crime is encountered or reported. Not all complaints are recorded, creating a distinction between offences reported to and recorded by the police. Offences may not be recorded because they are not regarded as sufficiently serious or defined as involving no crime (Coleman and Moynihan, 1996). Croall, 2011: Changes were made in police recording procedures following the introduction of the national crime recording standards (NCRS) in 2002. These have a major impact on the reliability of official statistics, especially as recording practices in different areas and jurisdictions may vary , complicating any comparisons. They also affect overall increases and decreases and changes can create apparent crime waves. Recorded crime series were affected by new counting rules from 1998 onwards and by the NCRS from 2002 onwards. Pg. 44:.most police forces are encouraged to be cost effective and as a result successive governments have introduced diversionary schemes where offences are dealt with out of court such as on-the-spot fines. This underlines the existence of an unknowable dark figure of crime which is never recorded in the official statistics. Therefore officially recorded crimes and convicted offenders are those that have survived the process of attrition and are not representative of all who break the criminal law. Pg. 45: crimes which are more visible and take place in public are more likely to be processed than those taking place in private. For example street crimes of young people are more likely to be counted than crimes of white collar offenders which take pl ace in the offices or crimes which take place in the home, further distorting the relationships between age, gender or social class and offending. Variations in the proportions of crimes counted means that it can rarely be said with any certainty that any particular kind of crime is rising or falling, as any apparent increases or decreases could merely represent a change in the proportion of crimes reported to or recorded by the agencies. Changes in police recording practices can create crime waves or alternatively reductions in crime. On the other hand, more policing can increase crime rates, by catching more and recording more crime. Home office, stats bulletin, 2010/11, Pg. 24: Together they provide a more comprehensive picture than could be obtained from either series alone. However, neither the BCS nor police recorded crime aim to provide complete counts of crime. The coverage of police recorded crime statistics is defined by the Notifiable Offence List1, which includes a broad range of offences, from murder to minor criminal damage, theft and public order offences. However, there are some, mainly less serious offences that are excluded from the recorded crime collection. These non-notifiable crimes include many incidents that might generally considered to be anti-social behaviour but that may also be crimes in law (including bye-laws) such as littering, begging and drunkenness. Other non-notifiable offences include driving under the influence of alcohol, parking offences and TV licence evasion. The survey also excludes some other offences for which it may not be possible to collect robust estimates of crime l evels (such as sexual offences). However, the BCS does capture other information about such offences. The BCS is a face-to-face victimisation survey in which people resident in households in England and Wales are asked about their experiences of crime in the 12 months prior to interview. Until recently the BCS did not cover crimes against those aged under 16, but since January 2009 interviews have been carried out with children aged 10 to 15. Experimental statistics for children are shown separately. Pg. 26: For the crime types and population it covers, the BCS provides a better reflection of the extent of household and personal crime than police recorded statistics because it includes crimes that are not reported to or recorded by the police. The BCS is also a better indicator of long-term trends because it is unaffected by changes in levels of reporting to the police or by police recording practices. Although the focus of ensuring comparability over time means that the BCS does no t include some relatively new crimes in its main crime count, such as plastic card fraud, these are asked about and presented. BCS estimates for 2010/11 are based on face-to-face interviews with 46,754 respondents. The BCS has a high response rate (76%) and the survey is weighted to adjust for possible non-response bias and to ensure the sample reflects the profile of the general population. Being based on a sample survey, BCS estimates are subject to a margin of error. Police recorded crime statistics are administrative data based on notifiable crimes that are reported to and recorded by the police in England and Wales. Unlike the BCS, recorded crime includes crime against commercial and public sector bodies, and so-called victimless crimes (such as drug possession offences). Recorded crime figures provide a good measure of trends in well-reported crimes (in particular, homicide, which is not covered by the BCS), can be used for local crime pattern analysis and are important indicators of police workload. However, there are also categories of crime whose numbers are heavily influenced by the extent to which police proactively investigate. Police recording practice is governed by the National Crime Recording Standard (NCRS). The NCRS was introduced nationally in April 2002 to ensure greater consistency and transparency of crime recording between forces, together with a victim focus where crimes reported by the public are recorded unless there is credible evidence to the contrary. Crime data are collected from police forces for each crime within the Notifiable Offence List and according to Home Office Counting Rules. Police recorded crime figures should be seen as a product of an administrative system where rules can be subject to different interpretation a nd, for some categories of crime, can reflect police workload and activity rather than underlying levels of crime. Pg. 27: While the coverage differs both in terms of offence types and population groups, property crime accounts for the majority of both BCS and recorded crime (77% and 70% respectively) with violence, including robbery, accounting for most of the remainder 23 per cent of BCS crime and 22 per cent of recorded crime. Pg. 17; the introduction of the NCRS in April 2002 considerably increased the recording of less serious violent crime by the police and figures are not directly comparable across this break in the series. Philip Schlesinger Howard Tumber, 1999, Pg. 7: new forms of crime have emerged: hard drug trafficking, terrorism and corporate fraud. Page 144: developments in police work such as computer use and forensic science, this allows for more crime to be detected. Newburn, 2012, the guardian: theft has become much more difficult.  Then there is surveillance. While the impact of CCTV is generally much less than one would imagine given how widespread it has become, it is effective in some areas and is an aid to the police and private security. There are now more police officers than there were 20 years ago. Add in  Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) security guards and the gradual re-emergence of other jobs with a partial safety and security focus (ticket inspectors, caretakers, park keepers and the rest) and you have a substantial expansion of the eyes and ears available for crime prevention. Home Office Statistical Bulletin, 2010/11: Pg 29-30: BCS crime fell markedly between 1995 and the 2004/05 BCS. Since 2004/05 the underlying trend in BCS crime has continued to be downward, although at a slower rate and with some fluctuation in year-to-year estimates. Recorded crime fell each year until 1998/99 when the expanded coverage and changes in the Counting Rules resulted in an increase in recorded offences; this was followed by the introduction of the NCRS in April 2002, although some forces adopted NCRS practices before the standard was formally introduced. The introduction of NCRS led to a rise in recording in 2002/03 and, particularly for less serious violent crime, in following years as forces continued to improve compliance with the new standard. From 2001/02 to 2003/04 there was considerable divergence in the trends for BCS and police recorded crime, mainly associated with police recording changes (which particularly influenced violence against the person). Since 2003/0 4, despite some fluctuations, trends have been more consistent between the two series.

How is 1984 terrifying? Essay

This brings in the relationships between Winston and Oi Brien. At first, they seem to have taken to each other, but in the end we find out that Oi Brien double-crossed Winston and that he couldni t trust someone he thought was his friend. The party did not want people to trust or have feelings for one another. A perfect example is, in the ministry of love, where a chinless man dropped a piece of bread for a starving fellow inmate. The man (who dropped the bread) was immediately punished, by being beaten until he bled. A normal person, in the ‘starving inmatei s positioni would have felt indebted to the man, as he was punished for trying to feed him, but moments after guards came in to take the inmate who was given the bread immediately betrayed the man who gave him the bread. Telling the guards to take him (chinless) to room 101 instead. This would have surely pleased Big Brother, as the eradication of friendship would be the partyi s main goal. When the request was not replied, the man pleaded that they rather slit throat of his wife and all his children than send him to room 101. This man was betraying his own family members. This would have pleased Big Brother. People came to the conclusion that one could not trust anybody in fear that they would report them to the thought police, where one would be vaporised. This was true when dealing with peoplei s families. In the ministry of love when Winston meets Parson who tells him how his daughter betrayed him when she heard him talking of overthrowing the party in his sleep. Other families were destroyed by the loss of respect between parents and children. People were refusing to obey their parents, as Big Brother encouraged them to do. The relationships between lovers were also controlled by the party, as they annihilate all the pleasures and desires of having sex and even promote artificial insemination. The party did not like sex as when two people share the experience they begin to love each other. The party then begins to put negative thought behind the idea of sex. This is illustrated during the two minutes that Winston describes Julia as â€Å"sexless†. During the relationship, Julia and Winston have to meet in secret. When they meet in secret from directions passed to each other on a note, so the prying eyes of the Telescreen do not catch them. This is particularly scary as nowadays, love is seen as a beautiful thing, not a secret affair. The last and final terrifying aspect of â€Å"nineteen eighty-four†, is the idea of all the power that Big Brother holds. Big Brother is a dictator with so much power that he is able to make people love him and fear him all at the same time. He controls them. The most dangerous thing about it is that Orwell does not really tell us whether or not Big Brother exists as he is Hitler, Stalin and Lenin all rolled into one, this time unstoppable, making it more real to readers as these are real people. Orwell believed that there would be a communist leader that would practise capitalism and still rule. This is exactly what Big Brother did. Orwell blends the terrifying aspects that the people experienced of communism and capitalism in his portrayal of Big brotheri s totalitarianism. Orwell describes the situation of the people in great detail when he wrote the description of the lives led by the people. Although the conditions were very poor, The party convinced people conditions fourty years ago, conditions were worse and that Big Brother was improving things. ‘Day and night, the Telescreen bruised peoplei s ears with news and information of how [people] were better off than people fourty years ago. i Because of all this propaganda making Big Brother seem like a God, Big Brother was able to scare people into hating the people that were a threat to the party. People like Goldstein. This was the reason of the two minutes hate. The two-minute hate was another example of the lack of individuality. Every party member was forced to take part. During the two minutes hate, people were watched for signs of â€Å"Unorthodox behaviour. † In the event, Winston sees Julia. He then has fantasies about her. These fantasies, although full of hateful thoughts, illustrate the passion he feels for her, but the fact that he thinks of being with her in these horrible scenarios, shows the way that Big Brother is able to control feelings. What I mean is when one person lusts after another, they have fantasies of being together in a place they would describe as paradise. They do not want to rape them in horrific scenes. The amount of passion he feels for Julia makes him want to be with her, but because he cani t, he has built up anger and hatred inside him. The picture of Goldstein shown in these two minutes, conjures up hate for the people. This is important, as people like Goldstein and his followers, the proles, were the biggest threat to the party. The people saw the proles as outcasts and propaganda made the people hate them. This is similar to the propaganda Hitler used against the Jews in the late 1930i s, so the people are able to relate. It was easy for Big Brother to make the people do this, as the people could not remember what life was like without a ruler (like Big Brother) to tell them what to do. Big Brother eliminated the past by destroying records and rewrote it. People, especially party members could not have memories. They were completely under Big Brotheri s control. In conclusion there are many terrifying aspects, but none more terrifying than the other is. Each is terrifying in iti s own way and all point to the fact that most of these things did, could have, and could still happen. Orwell realised this and that inspired him to write an ‘account of the futurei which is what â€Å"nineteen eighty-four† was to him and others living in 1949. Although terrifying now, these things would have been more terrifying in 1949, because, the things Orwell described had happened to them in some form. For example, the threats of labour camps, them being told that the Jews (Goldstein) were the enemy, capitalist dictatorship. So this book would have been the terrifying reality to the people of that time. At the time this novel was written, the Russian revolution and World War II was the reality and these things were happening in Russia. So in answer to the question, this novel would have been much more terrifying in 1949, because to them this book was real life.

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Summary and Response Essay Samples That Only a Few People Know Exist

Uncommon Article Gives You the Facts on Summary and Response Essay Samples That Only a Few People Know Exist Put simply, you've got to analyze the chosen topic. No matter the topic on which you're writing, all important responses follow the exact same format. Following your analysis, put forward your opinion on the subject. Start with the review of the topic. A summary grid is a helpful tool for helping students to pull main ideas from a text before organizing them in a bit of writing. A literature review is done so as to clarify the regions of prior research of the issue you've currently undertaken. Check with your instructor to identify what publishing information is essential and where it ought to be placed. A really nice and well-paid job is actually challenging to find without excellent academic grades. Even though the pros and cons could possibly be equal, the dilemma of how to reduce the proportion of greenhouse gasses might never be solved. People who have an inc lination to eat junk foods need to be made accountable for their wellbeing, not by restricting what food they eat but by enabling them to cover their medical care expenses. Obesity is among the most discussed health issues in today's world. As a consequence the state expects that water sports increase. The statement also assumes that in the event the state cleans up the river, the usage of the river for water sports will certainly increase. Obtain a high degree of mastery on the topic that you're likely to write about. If getting a fantastic academic grade is your aim, you're in the proper spot! The Nuiances of Summary and Response Essay Samples Be both concise and informative to find an unsurpassed outcome! You should discover the last objectives of each text and the mutual features if you own a set of those. First off, an introduction is utilised to establish your primary argument about the work analyzed. Though the response may start to deal with the assigned task, it del ivers no development. Facts, Fiction and Summary and Response Essay Samples Even if a text uses a conventional structure, it's still worthwhile to consider whether there was space for improvement. Try to remember, your view is the thing that dictates a response paper. An outline is a distinct item of paper, which functions as a plan for you. Within the analysis, your reply to the text also needs to be presented. The Dirty Truth on Summary and Response Essay Samples Try to remember, the readers are accustomed to the book you may be speaking about. Summarize the material so that he gets a general sense of all key aspects of the original work. Next, a succinct review of the work is presented so the reader, who's perhaps not acquainted with the text, will understand what the text is all about. Consequently, you should offer your reader a background overview of what the article you're responding to talks about. It isn't possible that after reading, you have no emotions or impressions. When you begin expressing your emotions to the author's work, remember that you're a personality. The body of your response should earn a claim about a part of the text which you find interesting and worthy of discussion. The previous one, describing feelings, which is regarded as the very best approach to deal with the feelings, is placing your feeling into words in a moderate way. The New Fuss About Summary and Response Essay Samples This way you are able to secure the best grades for the very best summary response essays. The experienced essay helpers are working for quite a while within this area and therefore can write a supreme high quality essay without plagiarism at an affordable price. Critical essays aren't that popular among teachers and professors, therefore, some students find it difficult to comprehend how to compose a crucial essay. Before writing the essay, it's important to select an intriguing topic. Now you are aware of how to compose a response essay! Although this essay seems to be carefully organized, it doesn't comply with the directions for the assigned task. How to compose a response essay. The Basics of Summary and Response Essay Samples Each paragraph within the body of this perceptive essay identifies and examines an unstated assumption that is essential to the argument. Unlike the summary, it's composed of YOUR opinions in regard to the article being summarized. When you check at two sentences, the outcome isn't acceptable for the cause. Communication differences between women and men. In conclusion, the statement isn't logical since there are a few errors in it. This statement appears like logical, but there are a number of erroneous sentences in it which isn't logical. Also, you don't need to be too long with the sentences. It can be broken by sentence, paragraph, or section, based on the duration of the text. Whatever They Told You About Summary and Response Essay Samples Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why The statement assumes that everybody in Mason City enjoys some form of recreational activity, which might not be necessarily accurate. What's interesting to you and others, select some study region that's well worth reviewing. The solution to this question takes a survey to figure out the reasons our residents use or don't use the river. Herbie Steinmark's parents should have prayed. Choosing Good Summary and Response Essay Samples Where there's no true care, there's no meaning. You should criticize the job. It is preferable to use short ones, but you should be precise and clear. As it is really less difficult to write about something when you recognize practically everything on it.

Does Adherence Predict Weight Loss An Examination of an IDEA - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 865 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Weight Loss Essay Did you like this example? What is knee osteoarthritis (OA)? Knee osteoarthritis is a disease characterized by deterioration and inflammation of the knee joint.6 Knee OA can be identified with radiographic evidence or by symptomology. The Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading scheme is the radiographic reference standard for defining knee OA.6 The severity of osteoarthritis is determined by the presence of osteophytes on the knee joint, joint space narrowing, sclerosis of the subchondral bone, and deformity of the femoral head.7 Scoring of the KL grading scheme ranges from 0 to 4. Minimal, but definitive, knee OA is defined by the presence of an osteophyte, equating to a KL grade of 2 or higher.6,7,10 Symptomatic knee OA is characterized by radiographic evidence of OA accompanied by pain, aching, or stiffness in the affected joint. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Does Adherence Predict Weight Loss An Examination of an IDEA" essay for you Create order Pain occurring on most days of a recent month is representative of symptomatic knee OA.2,6,8 Epidemiology of knee OA Data from the 2011-2012 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) indicates that 15.1 million United States (U.S.) adults have symptomatic knee OA. An additional 8.6 million adults are classified with KL grade 3 or 4 advanced symptomatic knee OA.1 The prevalence of knee OA has dramatically increased in the past one hundred years. Wallace et al. compared the prevalence of knee OA among American adults from the early industrial and postindustrial periods. The prevalence of knee OA (16%, 95% CI: 14-19%) was 2.6 times higher among the postindustrial sample (95% CI: 2.1-3.4) compared to the early industrial sample (6%, 95% CI: 5-7%). 10 Prevalence data for knee OA differs across studies depending on the definition of osteoarthritis. Studies using the radiographic definition of osteoarthritis trend towards higher prevalence as compared to the symptomatic definition.4,11,12 In the Framingham Osteoarthritis study, 27.4% of adults over sixty-three had radiographic knee OA. However, only 7% of adults within this sample had symptomatic OA.9,13 Similarly, the prevalence of radiographic knee OA was almost 10% higher than the prevalence of symptomatic knee OA among middle-age adults in the Johnston County OA Project (27.8% vs. 16.7%).9,11 The population being studied can also impact estimates of knee osteoarthritis. Whereas two studies found that non-Hispanic whites had the highest rates of knee OA, other articles reported highest rates in African Americans.1,9,11,13 Age and sex also influence the prevalence of knee OA. Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease whose prevalence increases across the lifespan. The prevalence of knee OA increases from 1-2% in adults 25-44 years old to 14% in adults over 65 years.1,9,13 According to Murphy et al., the overall lifetime risk of developing symptomatic knee OA by age 85 is 44.7%.2 Across age groups, females are more likely to have knee OA and have more severe knee OA when compared to men. Women over 50 years old were 1.68 (RR 95% CI 1.37-2.07) times more likely than men over 50 years old to have knee OA.5 Furthermore, diagnosed knee OA in women over 55 years old was more severe than knee OA in men of the same age range (standardized mean difference 0.20, 95% CI 0.11-0.28).14 Healthcare Burden Knee osteoarthritis places a large strain on a countrys economy. U.S. adults spend roughly 28 years living with symptomatic knee OA.15 Treatment for knee OA comes in various forms and at various price points. The minimum treatment strategy consisting of a physician visit, physical therapy, knee braces, and medications costs $684 annually.15 Many adults will spend years using medications and non-surgical treatments before seeking advanced care. The standard care treatment for end-stage knee OA is total knee arthroplasty (TKA).16 The TKA is widespread due to its life expectancy and relative safety. In 2010, 658,000 knee arthroplasties were performed, with 92% of surgeries being TKAs.16 Direct and indirect medical costs associated with knee OA create a large burden on the individual and on society. As of 2013, a primary TKA cost $20,293 in the United States.15 Individuals undergoing revision TKA spend an average of $49,360 and 5 days in the hospital.16 On a larger scale, the hospital charges associated with revision knee arthroplasties accounts for nearly $2.7 billion in U.S. healthcare spending.16 From a national viewpoint, the U.S. spends $139.8 billion dollars annually (95% CI 83.7-195.9) on direct costs attributable to knee OA.17 Indirectly, the disability associated with knee OA impacts workplace productivity. The U.S. loses nearly $164 billion each year (95% CI, 85.2-242.3) in earnings attributable to arthritis. Between direct medical costs and productivity loses, arthritis accounts for $303.5 billion in healthcare spending.17 Risk Factors for Knee Osteoarthritis Predisposing factors for knee OA are divided into systemic risk factors and local risk factors. Systemic risk factors include age, gender, race/ethnicity, and genetics. Age is one of the strongest systemic risk factors for knee OA due to loss of muscular strength, thinning of articular cartilage, and oxidative damage to the knee joint.6 Local risk factors for knee OA include previous injury, physical activity, and obesity. The risk of developing knee OA increases by 183% (RR 2.83, 95% CI 1.91-4.19) in adults who have suffered a previous knee injury when compared to adults who have not had a previous injury.5 Roughly 5% of cases of knee OA could be avoided if knee injuries could be prevented in adults.5 The relationship between knee OA, physical activity, and overweight/obesity is more complicated. Adults engaging in at least four hours per day of heavy physical activity were significantly more likely to have radiographic knee OA when compared to adults engaging in no heavy physical activity (OR 7.0, 95% CI 2.4-20, p0.001).18 Further analysis of the influence of weight status revealed the highest risk of developing radiographic knee OA was in obese adults engaging in heavy physical activity (OR 13.0, 95% CI 3.3-51) .18 Although frequent and heavy physical activity may be associated with knee OA, a sedentary lifestyle and subsequent weight gain may also elevate the risk for developing knee OA. Overweight and obesity is a strong predictor of knee OA in adults. Being overweight or becoming overweight as an adult increases the lifetime risk of developing symptomatic knee OA by nearly 30%.2 The literature often uses the World Health Organizations (WHO) classification of overweight and obesity, which defines overweight as a body mass index (BMI) of †°? 25 – †°Ã‚ ¤ 29.9 kg/m2 and obese as a BMI †°? 30 kg/m2.19 Evidence suggests there is a curvilinear relationship between BMI and risk of knee OA. One meta-analysis quantified the pooled risk of developing knee OA as a factor of increasing BMI across twelve studies. Having a BMI of 25 kg/m2 is associated with a 59% (RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.34-1.81) increased likelihood of developing knee OA.20 A second study found ones likelihood of developing knee OA to rise by 35% (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.18-1.53) for each 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI.21 Disease progression and severity are also affected by weight status. A prospective study of 354 adults found overweight individuals to be 9.1 (95% CI, 2.6-32.2) times more likely to develop K/L grade 1+ knee OA within 5 years. Additionally, being overweight increased the likelihood of progressing to moderate knee OA (K/L grade 2+) within 5 years by 18.3 times (95% CI, 5.1-65.1).22 In addition to disease progression, weight status affects an individuals symptoms. Being overweight or obese is associated with a 2.66 (95% CI, 2.03-3.48) times higher risk of being diagnosed with symptomatic knee OA.23 Overweight (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.36-2.11) and obese (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.74-3.58) individuals are also more likely to experience persistent knee pain than normal weight adults.23 Treatment Recommendations for Knee OA Weight Loss Although being overweight or obese increases the likelihood of developing knee OA, weight reduction can improve clinical and functional outcomes. The Osteoarthritis Research International (OARSI) guidelines committee recommends weight loss as a core management strategy for overweight and obese patients with knee OA (strength of recommendation 96%, 95% CI 92-100).24 Weight loss has been shown to have positive effects on pain, joint stiffness, and disability in adults with knee OA. A meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reported a small improvement in knee pain resulting from weight loss (ES = 0.20, 95% CI 0-0.39). The literature supports a dose-response relationship between the amount of weight lost and reductions in knee pain. An intensive 18-month diet and exercise intervention found significantly lower self-reported pain scores with at least 10% (3.71, 95% CI 3.09-4.34) and 20% (2.79, 95% CI 1.87-3.71) weight loss when compared to 5% weight loss (4.46, 95% CI 3 .81-5.11, p = 0.006).25 Knee joint stiffness is also alleviated by weight loss in overweight adults with knee OA. The results of two RCTs support a small decrease in joint stiffness as a result of weight loss (ES = 0.36, 95% CI -0.08, 0.80).24 Reductions joint stiffness associated with weight loss may also be related to improvements in physical function. A meta-analysis of three RCTs found an average weight loss of 6.1kg (95% CI 4.7-7.6kg) was associated with a small improvement (ES = 0.23, 95% CI 0.04-0.42) in self-reported disability.26 The relationship between weight loss and increases in physical function is also supported by objective measures. Overweight adults with knee OA who lost an average of 5.2kg (95% CI 0.85-9.55) demonstrated significant improvements in both six-minute walk distance (?† from baseline = 61.61m, 95% CI 35.90-87.32) and stair climb time (?† from baseline = -2.54s, 95% CI -4.13, -0.95).27 Exercise Weight loss should not be considered independently of physical activity. The OARSI group recommends regular aerobic activity and resistance training as an adjuvant treatment for knee OA.24 Engaging in regular aerobic activity can serve as a non-pharmacologic pain reliever for individuals with knee OA. A meta-analysis of 13 RCTs on aerobic activity has shown support for a moderate improvement in pain (ES = 0.52, 95% CI 0.34-0.70).24 Aerobic activity can also improve physical function in people with knee OA. Individuals with knee OA who take part in aerobic activity experience moderate improvements in self-reported disability (ES = 0.46, 95% CI 0.25-0.67).24 Muscle strengthening has also been identified as a core recommendation for the management of knee OA. Small reductions in pain (ES = 0.32, 95% CI 0.23-0.42) and self-reported disability (ES = 0.32, 95% CI 0.23-0.41) have been reported with quadriceps training.24 Combined Weight Loss Plus Exercise Interventions Multiple studies have examined the relationship between weight loss and clinical outcomes in overweight adults with knee OA. The Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial (ADAPT) was an 18-month RCT comparing standard care to dietary weight loss, exercise, or combined diet plus exercise on physical function, pain, and mobility. Individuals in the diet plus exercise group lost the largest amount of body weight (mean 5.20kg, 95% CI 0.85-9.55), followed by those in the diet only group (mean 4.61kg, 95% CI 0.38-8.84) when assessed at 18-month follow-up.27 Physical function, pain, and mobility were significantly improved for individuals in the diet plus exercise group after 18 months. Weight loss of 5% baseline body weight was associated with a 24% reduction (95% CI 2.63-8.83) in physical function scores and a 30% reduction in pain scores. Additionally, mobility improved as noted by increased 6-minute walk distance (477.76  ± 13.12m, p Whereas a weight loss goal of 5% was established for the ADAPT study, the Intensive Diet and Exercise for Arthritis (IDEA) study had a weight loss goal of at least 10% body weight.28 IDEA was an 18-month RCT that compared the effects of dietary weight loss, exercise, or diet plus exercise on clinical outcomes. Participants in the diet plus exercise group lost an average 10.6 kg (95% CI -14.1, -7.1) compared to an average 1.8 kg (95% CI, -5.7-1.8) loss in the exercise only group.28 Although IDEA participants in the diet plus exercise group had a higher percentage of body weight loss, a similar trend was reported for physical function, pain, and mobility scores after 18 months. Physical function scores decreased by nearly 42% (?†_18month = -10.3, p 0.001), pain scores decreased by 45% (?†_18month = -3.0, p = 0.02), and 6-minute walk distance increased by 15% (?†_18month = 70, p 0.001).28 Rather than analyzing the impact of weight loss on clinical and functional outcomes, one study analyzed whether weight loss could prevent the onset of knee pain in overweight adults with diabetes. White and colleagues randomized participants to one of two treatment conditions: 1) intensive lifestyle intervention focusing on aerobic activity and weight loss, or 2) diabetes education and support comparison group. Individuals randomized to the intensive exercise and weight loss program were 15% (RR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.74-0.98) less likely to develop knee pain within 1-year when compared to individuals in the comparison group.29 Participants who met the 7% weight loss target were 37% (RR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.46-0.88) and 38% (RR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.47-0.83) less likely to develop knee pain within 1 and 4 years, respectively.29 Collectively, these three studies strengthen the conclusion that the combination of dietary weight loss and exercise is associated with positive clinical outcomes. Predictors of Weight Loss Due to the strong evidence of the benefits of weight loss in overweight adults with knee OA, researchers have sought to identify predictors of weight loss. Predictors of weight loss can be grouped as individual factors or factors pertaining to the intervention. Internal Factors Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy is the belief in ones ability to accomplish a specific task or goal.30 Within the weight loss literature, self-efficacy can divided into exercise self-efficacy and dietary self-efficacy. Having a high exercise self-efficacy at baseline was associated with achieving the 7% weight loss target among adult participants involved in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP).31 Among overweight adult women, both exercise self-efficacy (r = -0.32, p Depressive Symptoms An individuals general affect can influence their willingness to engage in behaviors that may lead to weight loss. Pre-treatment depressive symptoms may influence weight loss if the individuals negative affect stems from unhappiness with their current weight status. Among obese adults, lower levels of baseline depressive symptoms are associated with weight loss success after 1 year.34 Additionally, baseline depression scores among overweight, older veterans with knee OA were predictive of weight loss after a 6 month intervention.35 It should be noted, however, that both studies used inventories measuring depressive symptoms rather than identifying individuals with clinical depression. Participants who are clinically depressed are often excluded from weight loss studies because they may be taking medications that impact their ability to lose weight.36 Programmatic Features Social Support The social aspect of participation in a research study may be a contributing treatment-related factor for weight loss. Individuals who participated in a group-based commercial weight loss program lost more weight than individuals who participated in one-on-one dietary counseling sessions (-4.3  ± 6.1 kg vs. -1.3  ± 6.1 kg, p Attendance The relationship between attendance at a diet or exercise intervention and weight loss is intuitive for the general population. As a result, studies have sought to find evidence to support this conclusion. Among overweight adults receiving a modified version of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), attendance at counseling sessions was a significant predictor of weight loss ( = -0.609, p = 0.003).33 Evidence from a RCT comparing self-help to a commercially based weight reduction program for adults found higher self-reported attendance at sessions was significantly associated with weight loss after 1 and 2 years (p Adherence Definition of Adherence To date, there is no consensus on the operational definition of adherence. In simplistic terms, adherence is defined as a percentage of the number of sessions completed divided by the total number of sessions offered.27,28,40 However, more complex definitions of adherence necessitate the need to first answer the question: adherence to what? Exercise adherence can be defined by attendance rates and by goal achievement. Two community-based RCTs in overweight adults with knee OA have used on-line attendance logs to track exercise adherence.27,28 Among adult participants in the Healthy Weights Initiative, meeting the goal for exercise frequency, intensity, or duration was the criteria for exercise adherence.41 Adherence to a dietary intervention depends on the behavior being measured. Multiple studies have used attendance rates to define adherence to a diet class.27,28,41 Other studies have defined adherence by the frequency of food tracking over a specific period of time. Jacobs and colleagues defined adherence as logging a meal within its specified time frame, but also separated from a consecutive record by at least 30 minutes.40 A separate study expanded the time constraint of an adherent period to no longer than 4 days between consecutive food logs.42 Aside from defining adherence by attendance rates frequency of food tracking, adherence may also be defined as an individuals agreement to the prescribed dietary intervention. One study defined dietary adherence as the percentage of discrepancy between ones actual daily kilocalorie loss divided by their expected daily kilocalorie loss.43 The definition of adherence is often driven by the way that adherence is measured.